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Kompostování jako způsob zpracování potravinových odpadů
Tóthová, Katarína
This master thesis focuses on waste and waste management, with an emphasis on biodegradable waste, specifically food waste. The thesis discusses the legislative regulations in the Czech Republic and the European Union. Among other things, composting is considered as a possible solution to the waste generated. The practical part of the thesis evaluates the final product of composters to which additives have been added to reduce odour. The additives were added to the waste collection bins. The added additives include citric acid, tea tree oil and lime. In addition, compost without additives was also evaluated as a control sample. The composting lasted for 12 weeks. The pH and electrical conductivity were evaluated throughout the composting process and then the final product, i.e. the mature compost, was evaluated using phytotoxicity tests. The results showed that although the compost met the required pH and electrical conductivity values, it was found to be highly toxic. Even at a compost concentration of 10%, inhibition of plant root growth was shown, making the compost inapplicable to soil. Furthermore, even compost without additives was found to be toxic, with the cause of toxicity apparently being the waste used and not the additives. In view of these results, further investigation of additives is still needed. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of composting as a way of treating food waste and shows the importance of systematic monitoring of the quality of the final product.
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Kompostování bioplastů
Kořínková, Aneta
The final work deals with research on the behaviour of various bioplastic materials placed in composting base under laboratory conditions and subsequent assessment of the phytotoxic effects of individual composts. Composting was carried out on the basis of modified standard ČSN EN 14045 and knowledge from standard ČSN EN 14046. The determination of chronic phytotoxic effects followed the modified standard ČSN EN 13432 and acute phytotoxicity was assessed using the Phytotoxkit test. Following completion of the composting process, decomposition was observed for the certified vegetable starch-based sample, two other samples without certification, but marked as 100% degradable, showed no evidence of decomposition. Various indicator organism growth inhibition values were observed, with chronic toxicity testing in the range of 3.4-20.9%, and phytotoxkit testing two of the samples showed a stimulating effect. Different bioplastic materials have achieved different results and represent a different level of potential environmental burden.
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Toxicity of overburden and what determine it
Haurová, Jaroslava ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Bartuška, Martin (referee)
The bachelor thesis provides an overview and summary of the possible causes of phytotoxicity on mineral extraction sites, mentions the impact on plant biota, the impact on surrounding ecosystems and explores the possibilities of reducing or mitigating the effects. The main cause of phytotoxicity is low pH, which arises from the natural weathering of native materials and results in most soil processes and contamination. A way in which phytotoxicity can be mitigated on spoil heaps sites are by choosing appropriate reclamation.
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Arsenic toxicity and hyperaccumulation in plants and their potentail use in phytoremediation
Gímeš, Lukáš ; Mašková, Petra (advisor) ; Podlipná, Radka (referee)
Arsenic is classified as a heavy metalloid. Small amounts of arsenic can be found in the environment naturally, but human activity constantly increases the amount of arsenic in the soil. Increasing arsenic contamination of the soil causes serious health problems for both animals and humans. Due to its toxicity, it can also cause considerable problems for plants. Arsenic negatively affects a number of processes in the body of plants, such as oxidative stress or the metabolism of important macromolecules. Photosynthesis is a physiological process that is the most affected by arsenic toxicity. Closely related to photosynthesis are the growth properties of plants. Negative effects that arsenic has on many biochemical, physiological and morphological processes in the plant body, we must understand the uptake, translocation and detoxification of arsenic in the plant body. Arsenic hyperaccumulators are plants that can accumulate orders of magnitude higher concentrations of As and better manage the phytotoxicity of this contaminant than non-hyperaccumulating plants. Hyperaccumulation of heavy metals is associated with changes in the physiological properties of plants. A common characteristic of hyperaccumulators is that they can accumulate the higher concentrations of metals they in the aboveground parts...
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Suppressive efect of knotweed and other selected plant species on the germination and foliar necrosis
Šerá, Božena ; Plachká, E. ; Vrchotová, Naděžda
Selected plant species Reynoutria sachalinensis, Carum carvi, Sophora japonica and Impatiens glandulifera was used for testing the toxic effects on the model species of white mustard (Leucosinapis album) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Two types of test were used. First, the growth of seeds was tested on the model species in the soil mixed with the various aboveground parts of selected plants. Second, leaves of the model plants were treated with extracts from selected plant species and with the pathogen of Leptosphaeria maculans isolate. The reaction to the impact of selected plant species in the soil substrate was analogue in both of white mustard and oilseed rape. Greater phytotoxicity was recorded for the leaves of Reynoutria sachalinensis and the fruits of Carum carvi. Small phytotoxicity was relatively low when the substrate with the tree bark of Sophora japonica was used.
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